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Review of challenges and strategies for balanced urban–rural environmental protection in China

Beidou XI,Xiaoguang LI,Jixi GAO,Ying ZHAO,Hongliang LIU,Xunfeng XIA,Tianxue YANG,Lieyu ZHANG,Xuan JIA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 371-384 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0744-z

摘要： With the rise of environmentalism in China, great efforts have been devoted to environmental protection over the past several decades. Compared with urban environmental protection, rural environmental protection has not been attached enough importance in China due to the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. As a result, rural China is shouldering disproportionally heavy environmental burdens partly because of the differences and biases between urban and rural environmental protection seen in environmental policies, environmental rights and interests, environmental protection investment, and the environmental protection awareness of people. To eliminate the gap between rural and urban environmental protection, and achieve the goal of “balanced urban–rural environmental protection” (BUREP), government should consider mapping out proper policies and strategies. In this paper we put forward an innovative strategy of BUREP against the background of China’s urban-rural environmental protection. First, we review the current status of rural environmental protection status and its challenges compared with urban environmental protection in China. Secondly, we analyzed the main driving factors and reasons deeply, and then we put forward the BUREP strategy base on the unequal status between urban and rural environment. Finally, we proposed the framework of BUREP. This study may serve as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in coordinating urban and rural environmental protection and in constructing the new countryside of China.

关键词： urban environment rural environment balanced urban–rural environmental protection framework of balanced urban–rural environmental protection (BUREP)

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An enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system based on fuzzy-set approach: I.Theoretical framework and model development

Chesheng ZHAN,Rongrong ZHANG,Xiaomeng SONG,Baolin LIU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 494-505 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0609-x

摘要： Multimedia environmental modeling is extremely complex due to the intricacy of the systems with the consideration of many related factors. Traditional environmental multimedia models (EMMs) are usually based on one-dimensional and first-order assumptions, which may cause numerical errors in the simulation results. In this study, a new user-friendly fuzzy-set enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system (FEEMMS) is developed, and includes four key modules: an air dispersion module, a polluting source module, an unsaturated zone module, and a groundwater module. Many improvements over previous EMMs have been achieved through dynamically quantifying the intermedia mass flux; incorporating fuzzy-set approach into environmental multimedia modeling system (EMMS); and designing a user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI). The developed FEEMMS can be a useful tool in estimating the time-varying and spatial-varying chemical concentrations in air, soil, and groundwater; characterizing the potential risk to human health presented by contaminants released from a contaminated site; and quantifying the uncertainties associated with modeling systems and subsequently providing robustness and flexibility for the remediation-related decision making.

关键词： environmental multimedia modelling fuzzy-set approach theoretical framework environmental protection

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Region-gridding recycling of bulk organic waste: Emerging views based on coordinated urban and rural

Wenbing Tan, Dongyu Cui, Xiaohui Zhang, Beidou Xi

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1291-4

摘要： Abstract Bulk organic waste (BOW) has a large output in China. The improper disposal of BOW will not only bring serious environmental pollution, but also cause waste of biomass resources. The viewpoint proposes a region-gridding recycling management system of BOW that highlights the coordinated development of environmental, agricultural and energy elements in urban and rural areas. The viewpoint aims to drive the upstream and downstream industrial chains of BOW treatments, avoid the repeated construction of resource facilities, guide the upgrading of resource-based technologies, promote the professionalization of farmers, and thus built the high-quality modern agricultural recycling industrial park based on system management.

关键词： Bulk organic waste Recycling Urban-rural coordination Management system

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Implement and Innovate Environmental Protection Measures, Promote Green Protection of Cultural Relics

Fu-qing Liang,Yong-ping Sun

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第4期页码 330-335 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014055

摘要： The subject is implementing and innovating environmental protection measures, and promoting green protection of cultural relics in the Three Gorges area. This thesis states its significance and effect in the beginning, and then summarizes seven pieces of main practice, includes five pieces of main effect. In the end, this thesis produces some relevant conclusions and suggestions about the subject.

关键词： environmental science the Three Gorges cultural relics innovate environmental protection measures green protection

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Accounting greenhouse gas emissions of food consumption between urban and rural residents in China: a

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 357-374 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0763-y

摘要： Food consumption is necessary for human survival. On a global scale, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission related to food consumption accounts for 19%–29% of the total GHG emission. China has the largest population in the world, which is experiencing a rapid development. Under the background of urbanization and the adjustment of the diet structure of Chinese residents, it is critical to mitigate the overall GHG emission caused by food consumption. This study aims to employ a single-region input-output (SRIO) model and a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model to measure GHG emission generated from food consumption in China and compare the contributions of different industrial sectors, uncovering the differences between urban and rural residents and among different provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities), as well as identifying the driving forces of GHG emission from food consumption at a national level. The results indicate that the total GHG emission generated from food consumption in China tripled from 157 Mt CO₂e in 2002 to 452 Mt CO₂e in 2017. The fastest growing GHG emission is from the consumption of other processed food and meat products. Although GHG emissions from both urban and rural residents increased, the gap between them is increasing. Agriculture, processing and manufacture of food, manufacture of chemical and transportation, storage and post services sectors are key sectors inducing food consumption related GHG emissions. From a regional perspective, the top five emission provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) include Shandong, Hubei, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu. Based on such results, policy recommendations are proposed to mitigate the overall GHG emission from food consumption.

关键词： greenhouse gas (GHG) emission food consumption industry sectors mitigation measures urban governance

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Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

Chi Zhang, Wenhui Kuang, Jianguo Wu, Jiyuan Liu, Hanqin Tian

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1321-2

摘要： Abstract • China’s rural industrial land (RIL) area quadrupled from 1990 to 2015. • RIL expansion cost 9% of China’s crop production and threatened human/ecosystem safety. • The underprivileged population bears a disproportionally large share of the risks. China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades, but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood. Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set, our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land (RIL) quadrupled during 1990–2015, reaching 39000 km2 in 2015, comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts. About 91% of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land, thus exposed to industrial disturbances. Accelerated rural industrial land expansion, particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks, led to dramatically increased environmental risks, threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents. Moreover, negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades. The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks. China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization. This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning, which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.

关键词： Industrialization Land-use change Environment risks Environmental security Urbanization China

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新时期国家环境保护战略研究

郝吉明,万本太,侯立安,王金南,蒋洪强,许嘉钰

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第8期页码 30-38

摘要：

为探索在生态文明建设理念指导下，如何总体上把握生态保护和建设的发展战略，采取多学科、宽领域、全方位、深层次、开放式的战略研究方法进行了深入研究分析，提出了我国生态保护和建设的基本思路、基本原则、战略目标、战略布局、主要任务、战略重点以及政策建议，以期对我国生态保护和建设起到推动作用。

关键词：水环境；大气环境；土壤环境；固体废物污染；海洋环境；农村环境；环境风险与健康；国际环境保护

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城乡社区治理标准体系构建研究

王艳芳,朱伟,白波

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第3期页码 32-39 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.03.013

摘要：

随着我国社会治理重心下沉，城乡社区逐渐成为社会治理的着力点，与此同时，现有城乡社区治理标准面临难以满足城乡社区治理现代化新需求的严峻挑战，亟需构建城乡社区治理标准体系。本文旨在开展城乡社区治理标准体系的发展战略研究，分析了当前我国城乡社区治理发展的标准化需求，梳理了国内外与城乡社区治理相关的标准体系发展现状，凝练了我国城乡社区治理标准化发展存在的问题，研究提出了我国城乡社区治理标准体系的初步架构方案及重点发展方向，涵盖总体、社区基础设施、社区信息化平台、社区自治、社区管理、社区服务6 个方面。结合新时代城乡社区治理重点和短板，本文从加强标准化顶层设计、开展试点示范、注重多方参与、坚持城乡统筹、加强人才培养5 个方面提出了对策建议。

关键词：城乡社区社区治理标准体系社区服务社区信息化

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Hierarchical methodological framework to improve Policy Environmental Assessment: Based on policy layer

Yinglie ZHOU, Cunkuan BAO,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 82-90 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0004-9

摘要： This study explores the current implementation challenges of the Policy Environmental Assessment (PEA), including the implementation of a far richer, more diverse (at macro level), and better understanding of PEA and integration with decision making. The results contribute to the analysis of PEA through different hierarchies of assessment. Stemming from the theory and practice of policy, a concept of PEA hierarchies is proposed including the uppermost PEA, upper-lower PEA, and lowermost PEA. Afterward, the differences of the three hierarchies are interpreted, in terms of aims, principles, processes, and methods. The evaluation of the policy environmental impacts from different lens helps solve the complexities of policies and identify opportunities for improvement of PEA.

关键词： Policy Environmental Assessment (PEA) policy hierarchy PEA hierarchy methodological framework

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NewIndustrial Revolution and Environmental Protection

Qian Yi

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第1期页码 71-75 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014011

摘要： Serious environmental problems have appeared in China since the rapid economic growth 30 years ago, which affect human's health and become a limiting factor for further development. It has brought about the rethinking of traditional ways for economy development and environmental protection, and realized that the change in the model of development and environment protection is of significance. A new industrial revolution is needed for protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. This paper discusses the characteristics of the new industrial revolution for sustainable development including cleaner production, circular economy, and industrial ecology. Lessons from China and abroad will be introduced to prove that new strategies for environment protection and economic development are needed.

关键词： industrial ecology new industrial revolution environmental protection cleaner production circular economy

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城市地下空间开发新型材料的现状与发展趋势

吴弘宇,董梅,韩同春,徐日庆,龚晓南

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第6期页码 116-123 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.06.017

摘要：

地下空间向更深、更广开发是我国城市化进程的必然趋势，新型工程机械设备和技术对工程材料提出了更高要求。文章从开挖机械材料、支护材料、环境保护材料三个方面，分析了目前地下工程中主流材料的使用现状以及新型材料的发展趋势。除了要满足强度的要求，新材料还应当具备环境友好的特性。因此，自愈合材料、生物材料以及绿色支护材料的使用将是未来地下空间开发的发展方向。

关键词：城市地下空间新型材料盾构注浆环境保护

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秦巴山脉绿色城乡人居环境发展研究

吴左宾,敬博,郭乾,李炬,魏阿妮

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第5期页码 60-67 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.05.009

摘要：

秦巴山脉横跨南北地理空间，是我国的中央水库和国家绿肺。由于地形条件的约束，秦巴山脉逐渐成为我国经济发展的洼地和贫困多发地区，内部生态环境保护与社会经济发展诉求的冲突巨大。课题首先剖析了秦巴山脉地区面临着生态保护与城乡发展的布局冲突、绿色发展与城乡空间的建设脱节两方面的问题，进而提出“生态先导，绿色为本”的发展战略。在“生态先导”战略上，划定秦巴山脉地区的生态安全格局，从人口、产业和城乡空间分布方面实现“生态先导”的人居环境空间整合。在“绿色为本”的战略上，总结城乡布局模式、构建交通支撑系统和特色风貌体系，构建“绿色为本”的城乡人居环境模式。最终实现秦巴山脉城乡人居环境的绿色发展，为我国城乡人居环境营建提供借鉴。

关键词：秦巴山脉城乡人居环境绿色发展生态空间

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China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection Adopted Draft Amendment to the Law on Prevention and Control

Fu Sun,Yi Liu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-016-0890-6

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Dynamic simulation of urban water metabolism under water environmental carrying capacity restrictions

Weihua ZENG,Bo WU,Ying CHAI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第1期页码 114-128 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0669-6

摘要： A revised concept for urban water metabolism (UWM) is presented in this study to address the inadequacies in current research on UWM and the problems associated with the traditional urban water metabolic process. Feedback loops can be analyzed to increase the water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) of the new urban water metabolism system (UWMS) over that of a traditional UWMS. An analysis of the feedback loops of an UWMS was used to construct a system dynamics (SD) model for the system under a WECC restriction. Water metabolic processes were simulated for different scenarios using the Tongzhou District in Beijing as an example. The results for the newly developed UWM case showed that a water environment of Tongzhou District could support a population of 1.1926 × 10 , an irrigation area of 375.521 km , a livestock of 0.7732 × 10 , and an industrial value added of ¥193.14 × 10 (i.e. about US$28.285× 10 ) in 2020. A sensitivity analysis showed that the WECC could be improved to some extent by constructing new sewage treatment facilities or by expanding the current sewage treatment facilities, using reclaimed water and improving the water circulation system.

关键词： urban water metabolism system (UWMS) system dynamic simulation water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) feedback loops bilateral control

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Uncertainty analysis on aquatic environmental impacts of urban land use change

ZHOU Jiquan, LIU Yi, CHEN Jining, YU Fanxian

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第4期页码 494-504 doi: 10.1007/s11783-008-0072-2

摘要： Uncertainties hamper the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA). In order to quantitatively characterize the uncertainties of environmental impacts, this paper develops an integrated methodology through uncertainty analysis on land use change, which combines the scenario analysis approach, stochastic simulation technique, and statistics. Dalian city in China was taken as a case study in the present work. The results predict that the Fuzhou River poses the highest environmental pollution risk with a probability of 89.63% for COD in 2020. Furthermore, the Biliu River, Fuzhou River, Zhuang River, and Dasha River have 100% probabilities for NH-N. NH-N is a more critical pollutant than COD for all rivers. For COD, industry is the critical pollution source for all rivers except the Zhuang River. For NH-N, agriculture is the critical pollution source for the Biliu River, Yingna River, and Dasha River, sewage for the Fuzhou River and Zhuang River, and industry for the Dengsha River. This methodology can provide useful information, such as environmental risk, environmental pressure, and extremely environmental impact, especially under considerations of uncertainties. It can also help to ascertain the significance of each pollution source and its priority for control in urban planning.

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Review of challenges and strategies for balanced urban–rural environmental protection in China

Beidou XI,Xiaoguang LI,Jixi GAO,Ying ZHAO,Hongliang LIU,Xunfeng XIA,Tianxue YANG,Lieyu ZHANG,Xuan JIA

期刊论文

An enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system based on fuzzy-set approach: I.Theoretical framework and model development

Chesheng ZHAN,Rongrong ZHANG,Xiaomeng SONG,Baolin LIU

期刊论文

Region-gridding recycling of bulk organic waste: Emerging views based on coordinated urban and rural

Wenbing Tan, Dongyu Cui, Xiaohui Zhang, Beidou Xi

期刊论文

Implement and Innovate Environmental Protection Measures, Promote Green Protection of Cultural Relics